Common skin conditions explained

Eczema: dry, itchy, inflamed skin

Eczema, also called dermatitis, makes the skin dry, red or discoloured, itchy and inflamed. The most common form, atopic eczema, often starts in childhood and tends to come and go in flares. It frequently affects the creases of the elbows and knees, the hands, face and neck, and is linked to a skin barrier that does not hold moisture well, letting irritants and allergens in. Scratching worsens it and can lead to infection. The cornerstone of care is generous, regular use of moisturisers (emollients) to repair the barrier, plus avoiding triggers such as soap, harsh detergents and known irritants. During flares, steroid creams calm the inflammation. Most eczema is managed well at home with this routine, guided by a GP or pharmacist.

Psoriasis: thickened, scaly patches

Psoriasis is a long-term condition in which skin cells are made too quickly, building up into raised patches, often with silvery scale. On paler skin these look red or pink; on darker skin they may look purple, grey or darker brown. Common sites are the elbows, knees, lower back and scalp, and the nails can be affected too. Psoriasis is not contagious and is driven by an overactive immune response. It can range from a few small patches to widespread involvement. Some people also develop joint pain and stiffness, known as psoriatic arthritis, which is worth mentioning to a doctor. Treatments include moisturisers, creams containing vitamin D-related compounds or steroids, light therapy, and, for more severe disease, medicines that calm the immune system.

Acne and rosacea: two different red faces

Acne and rosacea both cause redness and spots on the face but are quite different. Acne is caused by blocked, oily hair follicles and the bacteria that thrive in them, producing blackheads, whiteheads, inflamed spots and sometimes deeper cysts, most often in teenagers but also in adults. It commonly affects the face, back and chest. Rosacea tends to appear in adulthood and causes flushing, persistent redness across the cheeks and nose, small bumps and visible tiny blood vessels, but no blackheads. Rosacea can be triggered by heat, alcohol, spicy food and sunlight. Both are treatable: acne with creams, gels and sometimes tablets, and rosacea with specific creams and trigger avoidance. Neither is caused by poor hygiene, a common and unfair myth.

Everyday skin care that helps

Whatever the condition, some simple habits help most skin. Using a fragrance-free moisturiser regularly supports the skin barrier, especially in eczema and psoriasis. Washing with lukewarm rather than hot water and using gentle, soap-free cleansers avoids stripping natural oils. Patting skin dry and applying moisturiser soon afterwards locks in moisture. Protecting skin from the sun with clothing and sunscreen matters for everyone and can help some conditions, though a little sunlight helps others such as psoriasis — advice differs, so it is worth asking. Avoiding known triggers, not scratching, keeping nails short, and managing stress, which can worsen several skin conditions, all make a difference. A pharmacist is a good first port of call for advice and suitable products.

When to see a doctor — and red flags

Many skin problems can be managed with self-care and pharmacy advice, but some need medical review. See a GP if a rash is severe, spreading, not improving with treatment, affecting sleep or daily life, or if you are unsure what it is. Signs of skin infection — increasing pain, warmth, swelling, weeping, yellow crusting or feeling unwell with a fever — need prompt attention. A new or changing mole, or a sore or spot that does not heal, should be checked for skin cancer. Seek urgent help for a rash with a high fever, a rash that does not fade when pressed with a glass, blistering or peeling of large areas, or swelling of the face, lips or throat, as these can signal a serious illness or allergic reaction and may need emergency care.