Nappy rash and baby skin care explained

What causes nappy rash

Nappy rash happens when the sensitive skin in the nappy area is irritated. The most common cause is skin being in contact with wee or poo for too long, which breaks down the skin's protective barrier. Rubbing from a nappy, not changing nappies often enough, and cleaning the skin too vigorously can all add to it. Some babies get it during teething, illness or diarrhoea, when they are on antibiotics, or when starting solids, as poo changes. The rash usually appears as red, sore, sometimes spotty skin over the bottom and genitals, and the skin folds are often spared in simple cases. It can make the baby uncomfortable, especially during changes. Most nappy rash is mild and settles quickly with good skin care.

Preventing nappy rash

Good nappy habits prevent most rashes. Change nappies promptly when they are wet or soiled, and give the skin a little nappy-free time when you can, so air can reach it. Clean the area gently with water or fragrance-free wipes, and pat rather than rub it dry. Make sure the skin is fully dry before putting on a clean nappy, and avoid nappies that are too tight. A thin layer of a simple barrier cream or ointment can protect the skin, especially if your baby is prone to rashes. Avoid heavily scented products, talcum powder and harsh soaps, which can irritate delicate skin. These simple steps, done consistently, keep the skin healthy and reduce how often nappy rash comes back.

Treating nappy rash at home

Most nappy rash improves within a few days with careful skin care. Increase how often you change nappies, clean gently with water or a mild fragrance-free wipe, and let the skin dry fully before re-nappying. Give as much nappy-free time as is practical, as this really helps healing. Applying a thin layer of a simple barrier cream at each change protects the skin while it recovers. Avoid soap, bubble bath and scented products on the area during a flare. If the rash is sore, a pharmacist can recommend a suitable barrier product or, if needed, a mild treatment. Keeping the routine gentle and consistent, and avoiding anything that stings the skin, gives the rash the best chance to heal quickly.

Caring for baby skin generally

Beyond the nappy area, a baby's skin is thin and easily dried out, so gentle care helps. Newborn skin often looks flaky or blotchy at first, which is usually normal. Bathing every day is fine but not essential; plain water is enough in the early weeks, and if you use products, choose mild, fragrance-free ones designed for babies. Keep baths short and not too hot, and moisturise dry skin with a simple, fragrance-free emollient if needed. Avoid perfumed products, harsh soaps and bubble baths, which can dry or irritate the skin. Dress your baby in soft fabrics, and protect them from too much sun. Many baby rashes and dry patches are minor and settle with gentle care, but persistent or spreading problems are worth checking.

When to see a pharmacist or GP

See a pharmacist first for nappy rash that is not settling with home care — they can suggest suitable creams. Contact a GP or health visitor if the rash is severe, is spreading, blisters, weeps or bleeds, or does not improve after a few days of good care. A rash that is bright red, sore and spreads into the skin folds, sometimes with small spots around the edges, may be a thrush (fungal) infection, which needs a specific antifungal treatment. Signs of a bacterial infection, such as yellow crusting, pus, swelling or your baby being unwell or feverish, also need medical advice. Always seek urgent help if your baby seems very unwell, is very sleepy, or has a high temperature, as this needs prompt assessment.