Blood test
Alpha-Fetoprotein Test
An alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test measures a protein used as a marker for certain liver and testicular cancers, and in some pregnancy screening.
Quick answer
Alpha-Fetoprotein Test: what it is and what the results mean
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein normally made by a developing baby’s liver. In adults, raised levels can be a marker for some cancers, particularly liver cancer and certain testicular (germ cell) tumours.
- Why it is done: It is used to help diagnose and monitor liver cancer (especially in people with chronic liver disease) and certain testicular and ovarian germ cell tumours, and to track response to treatment.
- Understanding results: A raised AFP in the right setting supports diagnosis and, when tracked, shows response to treatment or recurrence.
What it is
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein normally made by a developing baby’s liver. In adults, raised levels can be a marker for some cancers, particularly liver cancer and certain testicular (germ cell) tumours.
Why it is done
It is used to help diagnose and monitor liver cancer (especially in people with chronic liver disease) and certain testicular and ovarian germ cell tumours, and to track response to treatment. It is also used in some antenatal screening.
What to expect
It is an ordinary blood test from a vein in the arm, needing no special preparation. In known cancer it is often measured repeatedly to follow trends.
Understanding the results
A raised AFP in the right setting supports diagnosis and, when tracked, shows response to treatment or recurrence. However, it can be raised by non-cancerous liver conditions and in pregnancy, so it is interpreted in context.
Good to know
Risks and limitations
It is a safe blood test but not a general cancer screen. Not all relevant cancers raise it, and benign liver conditions can, so it is used with imaging and other tests.
Education and reference only. This explains the test in general terms and is not medical advice. Always follow the specific instructions from the team arranging your test, and discuss your results with your clinician.
Answers
Alpha-Fetoprotein Test: frequently asked questions
What cancers is AFP used for?
It is most useful for liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) and certain testicular and ovarian germ cell tumours, both for supporting diagnosis and for monitoring treatment.
Can AFP be raised without cancer?
Yes. Non-cancerous liver conditions such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, and pregnancy, can raise AFP, so a raised level is always interpreted alongside scans and your overall picture.
Related tests
Other blood test investigations
Sources
Where this is drawn from
- NHS — Tests and treatments
- NICE — diagnostic guidance
- Association for Laboratory Medicine / relevant professional body
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