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Biopsy
A biopsy is when a small sample of tissue is taken from the body and examined under a microscope. It is often the key test for diagnosing cancer and many other conditions.
Quick answer
Biopsy: what it is and what the results mean
A biopsy removes a small piece of tissue — with a needle, during a scope test, or in a minor operation — so it can be examined in a laboratory.
- Why it is done: A biopsy gives a precise diagnosis when imaging or blood tests are not enough — most importantly to confirm or rule out cancer, but also for inflammation, infection and many other conditions.
- Understanding results: A specialist doctor (a pathologist) examines the tissue and produces a report, which usually takes several days.
What it is
A biopsy removes a small piece of tissue — with a needle, during a scope test, or in a minor operation — so it can be examined in a laboratory.
Why it is done
A biopsy gives a precise diagnosis when imaging or blood tests are not enough — most importantly to confirm or rule out cancer, but also for inflammation, infection and many other conditions.
What to expect
How it is done depends on the site: some use a needle under local anaesthetic, others are taken during an endoscopy or a small procedure. There may be minor discomfort, bruising or soreness afterwards.
Understanding the results
A specialist doctor (a pathologist) examines the tissue and produces a report, which usually takes several days. This report often gives the definitive diagnosis and guides treatment.
Good to know
Risks and limitations
Most biopsies are low-risk, with minor bleeding or soreness the commonest effects. Waiting for results can be anxious; your team can advise on timescales and support.
Education and reference only. This explains the test in general terms and is not medical advice. Always follow the specific instructions from the team arranging your test, and discuss your results with your clinician.
Answers
Biopsy: frequently asked questions
Does a biopsy mean I have cancer?
No. A biopsy is done to find out what tissue is — it often rules cancer out, or diagnoses non-cancerous conditions. It is the way to get a precise answer rather than a sign of a particular result.
How long do biopsy results take?
Usually several days to a couple of weeks, as the tissue is carefully examined in the laboratory. Your team will tell you when and how you will get the results.
Related tests
Other other investigations
Sources
Where this is drawn from
- NHS — Tests and treatments
- NICE — diagnostic guidance
- Royal College of Radiologists / relevant professional body
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