Blood test
Bone Marrow Biopsy
A bone marrow biopsy takes a small sample of the soft tissue inside bone to examine blood cell production, usually to diagnose blood disorders.
Quick answer
Bone Marrow Biopsy: what it is and what the results mean
A bone marrow biopsy involves taking samples of the marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made — usually from the back of the hip bone. It includes an aspirate (liquid) and a trephine (small core of tissue).
- Why it is done: It is used to investigate abnormal blood counts, unexplained anaemia, and to diagnose and monitor blood cancers such as leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma, as well as some other marrow disorders.
- Understanding results: A haematologist examines the samples under a microscope, often with further specialised tests.
What it is
A bone marrow biopsy involves taking samples of the marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made — usually from the back of the hip bone. It includes an aspirate (liquid) and a trephine (small core of tissue).
Why it is done
It is used to investigate abnormal blood counts, unexplained anaemia, and to diagnose and monitor blood cancers such as leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma, as well as some other marrow disorders.
What to expect
It is usually done in a clinic under local anaesthetic. You lie on your side while a needle is used to take marrow from the hip bone; you may feel brief pressure or a pulling sensation. It takes about 15–30 minutes.
Understanding the results
A haematologist examines the samples under a microscope, often with further specialised tests. Results show how blood cells are being produced and whether abnormal cells or a specific disorder are present, which can take days to weeks.
Good to know
Risks and limitations
It is generally safe, with the main effects being soreness or bruising at the site and, rarely, bleeding or infection. It gives detailed information that blood tests alone cannot.
Education and reference only. This explains the test in general terms and is not medical advice. Always follow the specific instructions from the team arranging your test, and discuss your results with your clinician.
Answers
Bone Marrow Biopsy: frequently asked questions
Is a bone marrow biopsy painful?
Local anaesthetic numbs the skin and bone surface, but you may feel brief pressure or a short, sharp pulling sensation as the sample is taken. Any soreness afterwards usually settles within a few days.
Where is the sample taken from?
It is usually taken from the back of the hip bone (the posterior iliac crest), which is close to the surface and rich in marrow, making it the safest and most accessible site.
Related tests
Other blood test investigations
Sources
Where this is drawn from
- NHS — Tests and treatments
- NICE — diagnostic guidance
- British Society for Haematology / relevant professional body
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