Surgery
Spinal Fusion
Spinal fusion permanently joins two or more vertebrae in the spine to stop painful movement or to stabilise the spine.
Quick answer
Spinal Fusion: what it is, why it's done and what happens
Spinal fusion uses bone graft, and usually metal screws and rods, to join vertebrae so they heal into a single solid piece, removing movement between them.
- Why it is done: It is used for spinal instability, some fractures, deformities such as scoliosis, and certain cases of severe, persistent back pain or nerve compression when other treatments have not worked.
- What happens: Under general anaesthetic, the surgeon prepares the vertebrae, places bone graft and fixes the bones with screws and rods, through the back, front or side.
What it is
Spinal fusion uses bone graft, and usually metal screws and rods, to join vertebrae so they heal into a single solid piece, removing movement between them.
Why it is done
It is used for spinal instability, some fractures, deformities such as scoliosis, and certain cases of severe, persistent back pain or nerve compression when other treatments have not worked.
What happens
Under general anaesthetic, the surgeon prepares the vertebrae, places bone graft and fixes the bones with screws and rods, through the back, front or side. It is major surgery that can take several hours.
Recovery
A hospital stay of a few days is usual, with a gradual return to activity over several months as the bones fuse. Physiotherapy and avoiding heavy strain early on are important.
Good to know
Risks and things to consider
Risks include infection, bleeding, nerve injury, blood clots and failure of the bones to fuse. Because it removes movement at that level, extra strain can develop at nearby segments over time.
Education and reference only. This explains the procedure in general terms and is not medical advice. Your own care, risks and recovery will be explained by the team looking after you.
Answers
Spinal Fusion: frequently asked questions
Will spinal fusion cure my back pain?
It can help selected causes of pain and instability, but it is not guaranteed to remove all pain and is usually considered only after other treatments. Careful assessment decides who is likely to benefit.
How long is recovery after spinal fusion?
Everyday activities return over weeks, but full fusion of the bones and complete recovery can take several months, guided by your surgeon and physiotherapist.
Related
Other surgery
Sources
Where this is drawn from
- NHS — Tests and treatments
- NICE — procedure and treatment guidance
- British Orthopaedic Association / relevant professional body
Building patient-education content for procedures?
We create clear, accurate, referenced medical explainers and decision aids for teams and learners.